Which genes affect human longevity and aging?

Genetic factors and aging are significant issues attracting considerable interest in both the scientific community and society. Many studies have shown that genetics play an essential role in determining human lifespan. So, what are the genes that influence longevity?

1. Which genes impact genetic longevity and aging? 

Not all genes have the same effect on longevity and aging. Several genes have been identified as related to the ability to live long and maintain health throughout life, including:

• FOXO3: Known as a “longevity gene,” studies show that individuals with variants of the FOXO3 gene tend to live longer. FOXO3 plays a role in regulating biological responses, helping cells combat oxidative stress and inflammation. It also promotes the apoptosis (programmed cell death) of aging cells, contributing to a reduced risk of chronic age-related diseases.
• SIRT1: This longevity gene is part of the sirtuin family, a type of protein essential in regulating metabolism and cell survival. SIRT1 can activate genes involved in DNA repair, enhance cellular resilience to stressors, and minimize oxidative damage. Research indicates that boosting SIRT1 activity may extend lifespan in animals.
• APOE: This longevity gene is related to lipid and cholesterol metabolism in the body. The APOE ε4 variant has been shown to increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease, while the APOE ε2 variant may protect brain health and extend lifespan. Individuals with the APOE ε2 gene tend to have better health and longer lifespans compared to those with the APOE ε4 gene.
• KLOTHO: This gene is known for its significant role in regulating the aging process. KLOTHO may help improve kidney function, regulate insulin, and reduce inflammation. Studies show that individuals with higher levels of KLOTHO tend to have longer lifespans.
• mTOR: This longevity gene is involved in regulating cell growth and development. Inhibiting mTOR has been shown to extend lifespan in animals by enhancing autophagy and reducing oxidative stress.

2. How do these genes affect longevity and aging?

Longevity genes influence lifespan and aging through various complex mechanisms:

• Antioxidant Defense: Many genes, such as SIRT1 and FOXO3, can stimulate the production of antioxidant enzymes, protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules that can harm cells, contributing to aging and chronic diseases.
• Inflammation Regulation: FOXO3 has the ability to reduce inflammation by regulating genes related to inflammatory responses. Chronic inflammation is considered a key factor in many age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer.
• DNA Repair: Some genes, like SIRT1 and KLOTHO, play a role in repairing DNA damage, slowing down cellular aging. When DNA is damaged and left unrepaired, it can lead to cell death or the development of abnormal cells, contributing to the aging process.
• Energy Balance: The mTOR gene affects metabolism and energy levels in the body. Inhibiting mTOR can enhance cellular recovery and increase lifespan.

3. Are there ways to support genes against aging? 

• While genetic factors play a crucial role, lifestyle and daily habits also significantly impact health and longevity. Here are some ways to support genes in combating aging:

• Balanced Diet: A rich and varied diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats can help support cellular health. Antioxidants found in natural foods like vitamins C, E, and polyphenols can protect cells from damage.
• Regular Exercise: Physical activity not only improves cardiovascular health but also supports gene function and slows aging. Exercise helps reduce stress, improve mood, and enhance resilience.
• Stress Reduction: Stress-reduction methods such as yoga, meditation, and recreational activities can help protect both mental and physical health. Chronic stress can harm cells and accelerate aging.
• Adequate Sleep: Sleep plays a vital role in restoring bodily health. Getting enough sleep improves cellular recovery and supports DNA repair processes.
• Regular Health Check-ups: Monitoring health conditions and treating issues early is the best way to ensure long-term health. Regular health check-ups can help detect early signs of aging and diseases, allowing for timely interventions.

In summary, genetic factors like FOXO3, SIRT1, APOE, KLOTHO, and mTOR significantly influence human longevity and aging. While longevity genes play a decisive role, a healthy lifestyle and early health care are also essential. Understanding and applying appropriate solutions for early treatment of health issues is vital. Proactively caring for health early on will help us live healthier and longer.