What Affects the Speed of Neural Conduction in the Brain?

Typically, the speed of neural conduction ranges from 50 to 60 meters per second. However, in some cases, it can slow down, leading to issues such as delayed reflexes or signs of neurological diseases. So, what factors influence neural conduction? Let’s explore more in this article.

1. What Is Neural Conduction Speed? Why Is It Measured?

Neural conduction speed (NCV) is a test used to measure how quickly electrical signals travel through the nerves. This test is often performed alongside an electromyography (EMG) to assess any abnormalities in muscle activity.

This examination is crucial for diagnosing nerve damage or destruction. It also helps evaluate certain neurological or muscular disorders, including:

• Muscle disorders
• Lambert-Eaton syndrome
• Myasthenia gravis
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Tarsal tunnel syndrome
• Diabetic neuropathy
• Bell’s palsy
• Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Brachial plexopathy

2. How Is Neural Conduction Speed Evaluated?

The evaluation of neural conduction speed involves two tests conducted simultaneously: NCV and EMG.

Electromyography (EMG)

This test assesses the electrical signals produced by muscles both at rest and during activation. Healthy muscles do not generate electrical activity at rest. However, if a muscle is damaged, it may show abnormal electrical activity even while resting or during movement.

Nerve Conduction Velocity Test (NCV)

This measures the speed and strength of electrical signals traveling along the nerves. Damaged nerves transmit signals more slowly and weakly. This test helps doctors determine the extent of nerve damage.

2.1. How to Prepare for EMG and NCV Tests

To prepare for a neural conduction speed evaluation:

• Maintain normal body temperature, as being too cold can affect nerve conduction and lead to inaccurate results.
• Inform your doctor if you have any implanted devices such as defibrillators, pacemakers, or deep brain stimulators. Special precautions may be necessary in such cases.
• On the day of the test, avoid applying lotion, sunscreen, perfumes, or moisturizers to your body.

2.2. What to Expect During the Tests

During these tests, you may feel mild electrical shocks from the impulses, which could be slightly uncomfortable depending on the intensity. However, the sensation subsides immediately after the test.

EMG often follows the NCV test. In this procedure, a needle is inserted into the muscle, and you will be asked to contract the muscle. This may cause discomfort during the test, and you might feel sore or notice bruising at the insertion site afterward.

2.3. Conducting the Neural Conduction Speed Test

During the test, doctors and technicians attach surface electrodes to the skin over nerves or muscles. A mild electrical impulse is sent through the electrodes or a handheld stimulator to activate the nerves.

The electrical activity is recorded, and by measuring the distance between electrodes and the time the impulse takes to travel, the speed of neural conduction can be calculated. Testing multiple nerves is common during the evaluation.

2.4. What Do the Results Indicate?

Normal Results

Neural conduction speed depends on the diameter of the nerve fibers and the degree of myelination (the presence of the myelin sheath surrounding the nerve fibers). In newborns, this speed is about half that of adults and reaches normal adult values around 3-4 years of age.

Abnormal Results

Abnormal results often indicate nerve damage or destruction, such as:

• Axonal neuropathy
• Conduction block (impulse blocked at a point along the nerve)
• Demyelination (damage or loss of the myelin sheath)

Nerve damage can result from various causes, including:

• Alcohol-induced neuropathy
• Diabetic neuropathy
• Uremic neuropathy (due to kidney failure)
• Severe nerve injuries
• Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Diphtheria
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Brachial plexopathy
• Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (genetic factors)

3. How to Enhance Neural Conduction Speed?

Improving neural conduction speed helps maintain functions such as reflexes, heart rate regulation, learning, and memory. The following methods may help:

3.1. Using Medications to Enhance Neural Conduction

Certain medications can improve neural conduction by acting as agonists, which amplify the effects of specific neurotransmitters. These drugs may work in two ways:

• Direct Mechanism: Mimicking neurotransmitters due to structural similarity.
• Indirect Mechanism: Acting on nerve receptors or inhibiting enzymes that break down neurotransmitters, thereby prolonging their activity.
  These medications should only be used under a doctor’s supervision.

3.2. Maintaining a Nutrient-Rich Diet

A well-balanced diet can effectively enhance neural conduction speed. Foods like chocolate, nuts, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamins from fruits and vegetables are highly beneficial.

3.3. Staying Physically Active

Daily physical activities, such as exercise or sports, not only boost overall health and flexibility but also stimulate the production of endorphins, providing significant health benefits. Regular physical activity increases dopamine and serotonin levels, improving mood and promoting a sense of happiness.

Neural conduction speed is assessed using two tests: EMG and NCV. These tests help doctors diagnose neurological conditions and determine whether your nerve conduction speed is normal. Enhancing neural conduction speed can be achieved through medication, a nutritious diet, and regular exercise, ensuring optimal functioning of the nervous system.