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“What is Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and what is its role in the functioning of the nervous system?”

GABA, short for gamma-aminobutyric acid, is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Gamma-aminobutyric acid works by reducing the ability of neurons to receive, generate, or transmit chemical messages to other neurons. Several medical conditions are associated with changes in the levels of this acid, which can impair the functioning of the nervous system.

1. “What is Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid?”

The first question that arises is, what is gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA? Gamma-aminobutyric acid, abbreviated as GABA, is defined as a naturally occurring amino acid that acts as a neurotransmitter in the human brain. Neurotransmitters function as chemical messengers. GABA is considered an inhibitory neurotransmitter because it has the effect of blocking or inhibiting certain brain signals, as well as reducing the activity of the nervous system. It slows down your brain by blocking specific signals in the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.

GABA is known for its calming effects. Scientists believe this chemical plays a key role in controlling the excessive activity of nerve cells related to anxiety, stress, and fear. Gamma-aminobutyric acid is a non-protein amino acid neurotransmitter.

When GABA binds to a type of protein in the brain called a GABA receptor, it creates a calming effect. This can help reduce feelings of anxiety, stress, and fear, while also preventing the occurrence of seizures.

Because of these properties, gamma-aminobutyric acid has been studied and applied in many dietary supplements in recent years. Part of the reason is that this active compound is not readily available in regular foods. The only food sources containing gamma-aminobutyric acid are fermented foods, such as kimchi, miso, and tempeh.

2. The Role of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid in the Nervous System

After answering the question of what gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is, let’s explore its role in the nervous system and human health. As we know, GABA is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. The function of this neurotransmitter is to inhibit, block, or suppress chemical messages and reduce the excitation of nerve cells in the brain.

All neurotransmitters, in general, work in a similar manner. These are chemical messengers that carry messages from one neuron in the brain to the next. Between each neuron is a small gap filled with fluid, called a synapse. Neurotransmitters must carry the message across this synapse and then bind to specific receptors on the next neuron, following a “lock and key” mechanism.

There are two types of GABA receptors on neurons: GABA-A and GABA-B. Although the mechanisms of these receptors differ, when GABA binds to them, the result is a reduction in the neuron’s ability to respond. This means that as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA reduces the neuron’s ability to receive, generate, or transmit chemical messages to other neurons.

The important role of GABA in the nervous system is to decrease the activity of nerve cells in the brain and central nervous system. This has many effects on both the body and mind, including promoting relaxation, reducing stress, balancing mood, alleviating pain, and aiding sleep. Furthermore, GABA also has preventive and therapeutic effects on other health issues.

2.1. GABA’s Role in Improving Sleep

The role of gamma-aminobutyric acid in sleep is extremely important. GABA helps relax both the body and mind, making it easier to fall asleep and enjoy a full night’s rest. In one study, the GABA levels in individuals with insomnia were nearly 30% lower compared to those without sleep disorders.

What is Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
The role of gamma-aminobutyric acid in sleep is extremely important.

Recent studies have shown that GABA produced in fermented foods can increase sleep duration and reduce the time it takes to fall asleep. Another recent study also found that combining GABA with 5-HTP improved sleep quality and increased the amount of sleep each night.

2.2. GABA’s Role in Reducing Anxiety

Studies have shown that gamma-aminobutyric acid is highly effective in reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation. A small study involving 13 adults found that GABA had a similar effect to a relaxation and anti-anxiety medication, with slower brain waves observed one hour after taking the supplement. This study also discovered that GABA supplementation boosted the immune system, suggesting that GABA could enhance immune function in individuals under mental stress.

Another larger study investigated the effects of 100 milligrams of GABA on a group of people engaged in high-stress intellectual work. Scientists observed a slowing of brain waves in those who took the GABA supplement, indicating a reduction in mental stress. A different study tested the effects of GABA on individuals preparing for a stressful math exam. Those who consumed GABA-infused chocolate were able to recover more quickly from the stress associated with the test, including changes that reduced stress-related heart rate fluctuations.

2.3. GABA’s Role in Lowering Blood Pressure

GABA supplements are sometimes used as a natural way to help lower blood pressure. There is evidence suggesting that gamma-aminobutyric acid can reduce high blood pressure. In a study of individuals with high blood pressure, those who took chlorella supplements—a type of algae rich in GABA—showed significant reductions in blood pressure after 12 weeks.

In addition to maintaining stable blood pressure, this effect may also help protect sleep. Furthermore, the natural drop in blood pressure at night is part of the body’s process of transitioning into sleep.

What is Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

GABA supplements are sometimes used as a natural blood pressure lowering agent.

2.4. GABA’s Effect on the Immune System

Gamma-aminobutyric acid plays a role in the healthy functioning of the body’s immune and endocrine systems. This neurotransmitter also has an effect on regulating appetite and metabolism. Additionally, recent studies have explored the relationship between gamma-aminobutyric acid and gut health, as well as digestive function. Specifically, GABA may support motility, control inflammation, and assist immune system function while helping to regulate hormonal activity.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) in saliva is also believed to play an important role in protecting the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and the oral cavity from viral infections and bacterial adhesion. In one study examining the impact of GABA supplementation on IgA levels in saliva, 13 volunteers showed a significant increase in IgA levels after 90 minutes of consuming GABA while at rest. This suggests that gamma-aminobutyric acid helps support the body’s immune system.

3. Decline of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Over Time and Its Impact on Brain Function

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a naturally occurring amino acid that acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter by blocking certain brain signals and reducing the overall activity of the nervous system. Its most important function occurs in the brain. When GABA levels decline too much, the body finds it harder to relax after releasing stress-related neurotransmitters. Low GABA activity can lead to anxiety, depression, insomnia, and mood disorders.

When GABA binds to a protein in the brain called the GABA receptor, it produces a calming effect, helping to reduce feelings of anxiety, stress, and fear. This neurotransmitter also plays a role in improving sleep, preventing seizures, and protecting the brain from damage. Therefore, if GABA levels drop too low, it can increase feelings of anxiety, the risk of mood disorders, seizures, and chronic pain. Moreover, decreased GABA levels are associated with various neurological and psychiatric conditions, as well as other health issues.

On the other hand, increasing GABA levels may help treat high blood pressure, diabetes, and insomnia. Since the human brain contains a high amount of GABA, GABA receptors are a primary target in drug development by pharmaceutical companies. The effectiveness of GABA supplements and GABA-containing foods in preventing and treating health conditions requires further research in larger populations. Before purchasing GABA supplements or consuming certain GABA-rich foods, it’s important to consult with your healthcare provider to determine the best treatment approach for your condition.

GABA plays a vital role in the body as a chemical messenger; however, its role when used as a supplement is not yet fully understood.

In conclusion, this article answers the question, “What is gamma-aminobutyric acid?” and also analyzes its role in human health. GABA is a natural amino acid that functions as a neurotransmitter in the human brain. Its effects include reducing stress, fatigue, anxiety, and insomnia. However, before using GABA-containing supplements, it is important to consult with your healthcare provider.

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Ngô Thị Thảo Hiền

Ngô Thị Thảo Hiền

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