What causes zinc deficiency?

Zinc is an essential micronutrient for growth, immune system enhancement, and supporting various biological functions in the body. However, zinc deficiency is a common nutritional issue that can seriously impact health if not addressed promptly. So, what causes zinc deficiency? The following article provides a detailed answer based on reliable sources.

The importance of zinc for the body

Zinc is involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions in the body, ranging from supporting cell growth and DNA synthesis to boosting immunity. A deficiency of this micronutrient can lead to health problems such as stunted growth, digestive disorders, and immune system dysfunction.

Causes of zinc deficiency

1. Inadequate diet

One of the most common causes of zinc deficiency is a diet lacking in zinc-rich foods. People who consume little meat, seafood, whole grains, and seeds are often at higher risk of zinc deficiency.

High-risk groups for zinc deficiency:

• Vegans or vegetarians: Zinc from plant sources is less absorbable than from animal sources.
• People living in economically disadvantaged areas with diets primarily based on refined grains.

2. Zinc absorption disorders

The digestive system plays a key role in absorbing zinc from food. Digestive disorders or diseases are common causes of zinc deficiency, including:

• Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis: These conditions impair the intestines’ ability to absorb zinc.
• Celiac disease: Gluten-induced damage to the intestinal mucosa affects zinc absorption.
• Chronic diarrhea: Fluid loss and micronutrient depletion through stool are major causes of zinc deficiency, especially in children.

3. Increased zinc demand at certain stages

Certain stages or conditions increase the body’s need for zinc, which can lead to deficiency if not properly supplemented:

• Pregnant and breastfeeding women: Zinc requirements increase to support fetal development and breast milk production.
• Children and adolescents: The rapid growth phase requires higher zinc intake for muscle and bone development.
• The elderly: Zinc absorption decreases with age, combined with poor dietary habits.

4. Alcohol abuse

Alcoholics are at a higher risk of zinc deficiency for several reasons:

• Alcohol increases zinc excretion through urine.
• Alcohol-related liver damage impairs the body’s ability to store and metabolize zinc.

5. Genetic factors

A rare but serious cause of zinc deficiency is due to genetic factors.

Acrodermatitis enteropathica: This rare genetic disorder reduces the absorption of zinc in the intestines. Patients need lifelong zinc supplementation to maintain health.

6. Interaction with other substances

Some substances can hinder the body’s ability to absorb zinc, contributing to a deficiency.

• Phytates in plant foods: Found in whole grains, legumes, and seeds, phytates reduce zinc absorption.
• Medications: Some medications, such as diuretics or antibiotics, can also lower zinc levels in the body.

How to prevent zinc deficiency

Balanced diet:

• Increase intake of zinc-rich foods such as beef, seafood (especially oysters), pumpkin seeds, and whole grains.
• Use preparation methods like soaking, sprouting, or fermenting to reduce phytate levels in plant foods.

Zinc supplementation:

• In cases of severe deficiency, zinc supplements may be used as prescribed by a doctor.

Managing underlying conditions:

• Treat digestive diseases or conditions that reduce zinc absorption to improve the body’s ability to utilize this micronutrient.

Understanding the causes of zinc deficiency is an important first step in preventing and addressing this issue effectively. Common causes of zinc deficiency include inadequate diets, absorption disorders, increased demand during certain stages, and underlying diseases. To ensure your body always receives enough zinc, maintain a balanced diet and supplement appropriately when needed. If you suspect a zinc deficiency, consult with a doctor for testing and proper advice.

References:

• https://www.healthline.com/health/zinc-deficiency
• https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320393
• https://www.dovemed.com/health-topics/focused-health-topics/zinc-deficiency-causes-symptoms-and-management
• https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1195
• https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/disorders-of-nutrition/minerals/zinc-deficiency 

Read more:

• All about you need to know about zinc